@article {macgregor_seismic_2023,
	title = {A Seismic Tomography, Gravity, and Flexure Study of the Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of the Hawaiian Ridge: 1},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {128},
	number = {12},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JB027218},
	month = {11/2023},
	pages = {e2023JB027218},
	abstract = {The Hawaiian Ridge has long been a focus site for studying lithospheric flexure due to intraplate volcano loading, but crucial load and flexure details remain unclear. We address this problem using wide-angle seismic refraction and reflection data acquired along a \~{}535-km-long profile that intersects the ridge between the islands of Maui and Hawai{\textquoteright}i and crosses 80{\textendash}95 Myr-old lithosphere. A tomographic image constructed using travel time data of several seismic phases reveals broad flexure of Pacific oceanic crust extending up to \~{}200{\textendash}250 km either side of the Hawaiian Ridge, and vertically up to \~{}6{\textendash}7 km. The P-wave velocity structure, verified by gravity modeling, reveals that the west flank of Hawaii is comprised of extrusive lavas overlain by volcanoclastic sediments and a carbonate platform. In contrast, the H{\={a}}na Ridge, southeast of Maui, contains a high-velocity core consistent with mafic or ultramafic intrusive rocks. Magmatic underplating along the seismic line is not evident. Reflectors at the top and bottom of the pre-existing oceanic crust suggest a \~{}4.5{\textendash}6 km crustal thickness. Simple three-dimensional flexure modeling with an elastic plate thickness, Te, of 26.7 km shows that the depths to the reflectors beneath the western flank of Hawai{\textquoteright}i can be explained by volcano loading in which Maui and the older islands in the ridge contribute \~{}43\% to the flexure and the island of Hawai{\textquoteright}i \~{}51\%. Previous studies, however, revealed a higher Te beneath the eastern flank of Hawai{\textquoteright}i suggesting that isostatic compensation may not yet be complete at the youngest end of the ridge.},
	keywords = {Hawaiian ridge, lithospheric flexure, marine gravity, plate loading, seismic tomography, volcano structure},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2023JB027218},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JB027218},
	author = {MacGregor, B. G. and Dunn, R. A. and Watts, A. B. and Xu, C. and Shillington, D. J.}
}
