@article {Masy2015,
	title = {Lithospheric expression of cenozoic subduction, mesozoic rifting and the Precambrian Shield in Venezuela},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {410},
	year = {2015},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {12{\textendash}24},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.041},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X14005652},
	author = {Masy, Jeniffer and Niu, Fenglin and Levander, Alan and Schmitz, Michael}
}
@article {miller_upper_2009,
	title = {Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {114},
	number = {B1},
	year = {2009},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2007JB005507},
	abstract = {We have measured shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle of the Caribbean-South American boundary region by analysis of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves in the 20- to 100-s period band recorded at the BOLIVAR/GEODINOS stations from 2003 to 2005. The model shows lateral variations that primarily correspond to tectonic provinces and boundaries. A clear linear velocity change parallels the plate bounding dextral strike-slip fault system along the northern coast of Venezuela, illustrating the differences between the South American continental lithosphere, the Venezuelan archipelago, and the Caribbean oceanic lithosphere. At depths up to 120 km beneath the Venezuelan Andes and the Maracaibo block, there is evidence of underthrusting of the Caribbean plate, but there is no other evidence of subduction of the Caribbean plate beneath the South American plate. In eastern Venezuela, linear crustal low velocities are associated with the fold and thrust belts whereas as higher crustal velocities are imaged in the Guayana shield lithosphere. The subducting oceanic part of the South American plate is imaged beneath the Antilles arc. The surface wave images combined with seismicity data suggest shear tearing of the oceanic lithosphere away from the buoyant continental South American plate offshore of northeastern Venezuela. The continental lithosphere south of the slab tear is bent down toward the plate boundary in response to the propagating tear in the lithosphere. We interpret a nearly vertical low-velocity {\textquotedblleft}column{\textquotedblright} west of the tear centered beneath the Cariaco Basin, with three-dimensional asthenospheric flow around the southern edge of the subducting oceanic lithosphere, with the asthenosphere escaping from beneath continental South America and rising into the plate boundary zone. The complex plate boundary structure is best examined in three dimensions. We discuss the new surface wave tomographic inversion in the context of results from other researchers including local seismicity, teleseismic shear wave splits, and interpretations from active source profiling.},
	keywords = {plate boundary, surface wave tomography, upper mantle structure},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005507},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007JB005507},
	author = {Miller, Meghan S. and Levander, Alan and Niu, Fenglin and Li, Aibing}
}
@article {niu_receiver_2007,
	title = {Receiver function study of the crustal structure of the southeastern Caribbean plate boundary and Venezuela},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {112},
	number = {B11},
	year = {2007},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006JB004802},
	abstract = {We have investigated crustal thickness and composition across the southeastern Caribbean plate boundary with the receiver function technique. We used teleseismic data recorded by a temporary broadband array deployed under the BOLIVAR project and the permanent national seismic network of Venezuela. We used the primary P-to-S conversion and crustal reverberations to estimate crustal thickness and average crustal VP/VS ratio over the region. We observe large variations in crustal thickness and Poisson{\textquoteright}s ratio. Estimated Moho depth ranges from \~{}16 km beneath the southeastern Caribbean Sea to \~{}52 km beneath northeastern Venezuela and the Venezuelan Andes. There is a good correlation between crustal structure and tectonic terranes. Data from the Precambrian Guayana Shield suggest that the underlying crustal structure is relatively uniform with a moderate thickness (\~{}37 km) and an intermediate composition. A thick crust is found below the foreland basins. The two mountain systems in northern Venezuela, the Serrania del Interior and the Serrania del Falcon, have a thin crust with arc composition and are likely dynamically supported by elastic rebound or underthrusting of the oceanic plateau that characterizes the southern Caribbean. On the other hand, the Venezuelan Andes and Perija Range on the western side of the country are probably isostatically balanced by thick crustal roots.},
	keywords = {Moho depth, southeast Caribbean, VP/VS ratio},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	doi = {10.1029/2006JB004802},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2006JB004802},
	author = {Niu, Fenglin and Bravo, Tammy and Pavlis, Gary and Vernon, Frank and Rendon, Herbert and Bezada, Maximiliano and Levander, Alan}
}
