@article {gase_toques_2025,
	title = {TOQUES: An Ocean-Bottom Seismometer Dataset on the Central Queen Charlotte Fault, Southeast Alaska},
	journal = {Seismological Research Letters},
	year = {2025},
	month = {mar},
	abstract = {Plate boundaries in the oceans are often poorly monitored. Though typically less remote than the deep sea, shallow marine environments with seafloor depths \&lt;0.5~km can be especially challenging for seismic experiments due to natural and anthropogenic hazards and noise sources that can affect instrument survival and data quality. The Queen Charlotte fault (QCF) is part of a transform plate boundary that follows the continental shelf of the Alaska Panhandle and central British Columbia. This fault system accommodates dextral slip between the Pacific and North American plates and has hosted several historic Mw \&gt; 7 earthquakes. In August 2021, we deployed 28 broadband ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) along the central QCF for the {\textquotedblleft}Transform Obliquity along the Queen Charlotte Fault and Earthquake Study{\textquotedblright} (TOQUES) to investigate fault architecture and local seismicity. Deployment depths varied between 0.2 and 2.5~km below sea level, with half of the instruments deployed in shallow water (\&lt;0.5~km depth). We describe the scientific motivations for the TOQUES broadband OBS array, present data metrics, and discuss factors that influence data quality and instrument survival. We show that many opportunities exist for scientific study of shallow marine environments and the solid earth. Despite concerns that shallow water was responsible for the risk of data or instrument loss, direct relationships between instrument success and water depth are inconclusive. Rather, instrument success may be more related to the ability of different instrument designs to withstand shallow-water conditions.},
	issn = {0895-0695},
	doi = {10.1785/0220240380},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1785/0220240380},
	author = {Gase, Andrew C. and Roland, Emily C. and Worthington, Lindsay L. and Walton, Maureen A. L. and Bostock, Michael G. and Nedimovi{\'c}, Mladen R. and Collins, John A. and Brandl, Collin C. and Jaye Oliva, Sarah and Sun, Tianhaozhe}
}
@article {oryan_megathrust_2024,
	title = {Megathrust locking encoded in subduction landscapes},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {10},
	number = {17},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {eadl4286},
	abstract = {Locked areas of subduction megathrusts are increasingly found to coincide with landscape features sculpted over hundreds of thousand years, yet the mechanisms that underlie such correlations remain elusive. We show that interseismic locking gradients induce increments of irreversible strain across the overriding plate manifested predominantly as distributed seismicity. Summing these increments over hundreds of earthquake cycles produces a spatially variable field of uplift representing the unbalance of co-, post-, and interseismic strain. This long-term uplift explains first-order geomorphological features of subduction zones such as the position of the continental erosive shelf break, the distribution of marine terraces and peninsulas, and the profile of forearc rivers. Inelastic yielding of the forearc thus encodes short-term locking patterns in subduction landscapes, hinting that megathrust locking is stable over multiple earthquake cycles and highlighting the role geomorphology can play in constraining Earth{\textquoteright}s greatest source of seismic hazard.},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adl4286},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl4286},
	author = {Oryan, Bar and Olive, Jean-Arthur and Jolivet, Romain and Malatesta, Luca C. and Gailleton, Boris and Bruhat, Lucile}
}
@article {zhang_lithospheric_2023,
	title = {Lithospheric Imaging Through Reverberant Layers: Sediments, Oceans, and Glaciers},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {128},
	number = {5},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022JB026348},
	pages = {e2022JB026348},
	abstract = {The Earth, in large portions, is covered in oceans, sediments, and glaciers. High-resolution body wave imaging in such environments often suffers from severe reverberations, that is, repeating echoes of the incoming scattered wavefield trapped in the reverberant layer, making interpretation of lithospheric layering difficult. In this study, we propose a systematic data-driven approach, using autocorrelation and homomorphic analysis, to solve the twin problem of detection and elimination of reverberations without a priori knowledge of the elastic structure of the reverberant layers. We demonstrate, using synthetic experiments and data examples, that our approach can effectively identify the signature of reverberations even in cases where the recording seismic array is deployed in complex settings, for example, using data from (a) a land station sitting on Songliao basin, (b) an ocean bottom station in the fore-arc setting of the Alaska amphibious community seismic experiment, and (c) a station deployed on ice-sediment strata in the glaciers of Antarctica. The elimination of the reverberation is implemented by a frequency domain filter whose parameters are automatically tuned using seismic data alone. On glaciers where the reverberating sediment layer is sandwiched between the lithosphere and an overlying ice layer, homomorphic analysis is preferable in detecting the signature of reverberation. We expect that our technique will see wide application for high-resolution body wave imaging across a wide variety of conditions.},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2022JB026348},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022JB026348},
	author = {Zhang, Ziqi and Olugboji, Tolulope}
}
@article {yang_optimal_2023,
	title = {Optimal stacking of noise cross-correlation functions},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {232},
	number = {3},
	year = {2023},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1600{\textendash}1618},
	abstract = {Cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise are widely used for seismic velocity imaging, monitoring and ground motion analyses. A typical step in analysing noise cross-correlation functions (NCFs) is stacking short-term NCFs over longer time periods to increase the signal quality. Spurious NCFs could contaminate the stack, degrade its quality and limit its use. Many methods have been developed to improve the stacking of coherent waveforms, including earthquake waveforms, receiver functions and NCFs. This study systematically evaluates and compares the performance of eight stacking methods, including arithmetic mean or linear stacking, robust stacking, selective stacking, cluster stacking, phase-weighted stacking, time{\textendash}frequency phase-weighted stacking, Nth-root stacking and averaging after applying an adaptive covariance filter. Our results demonstrate that, in most cases, all methods can retrieve clear ballistic or first arrivals. However, they yield significant differences in preserving the phase and amplitude information. This study provides a practical guide for choosing the optimal stacking method for specific research applications in ambient noise seismology. We evaluate the performance using multiple onshore and offshore seismic arrays in the Pacific Northwest region. We compare these stacking methods for NCFs calculated from raw ambient noise (referred to as Raw NCFs) and from ambient noise normalized using a one-bit clipping time normalization method (referred to as One-bit NCFs). We evaluate six metrics, including signal-to-noise ratios, phase dispersion images, convergence rate, temporal changes in the ballistic and coda waves, relative amplitude decays with distance and computational time. We show that robust stacking is the best choice for all applications (velocity tomography, monitoring and attenuation studies) using Raw NCFs. For applications using One-bit NCFs, all methods but phase-weighted and Nth-root stacking are good choices for seismic velocity tomography. Linear, robust and selective stacking methods are all equally appropriate choices when using One-bit NCFs for monitoring applications. For applications relying on accurate relative amplitudes, the linear, robust, selective and cluster stacking methods all perform well with One-bit NCFs. The evaluations in this study can be generalized to a broad range of time-series analysis that utilizes data coherence to perform ensemble stacking. Another contribution of this study is the accompanying open-source software package, StackMaster, which can be used for general purposes of time-series stacking.},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1093/gji/ggac410},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac410},
	author = {Yang, Xiaotao and Bryan, Jared and Okubo, Kurama and Jiang, Chengxin and Clements, Timothy and Denolle, Marine A}
}
@article {cabieces_upper-lithospheric_2022,
	title = {Upper-lithospheric structure of northeastern Venezuela from joint inversion of surface-wave dispersion and receiver functions},
	journal = {Solid Earth},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
	month = {11/2022},
	pages = {1781{\textendash}1801},
	abstract = {We use 1.5 years of continuous recordings from an amphibious seismic network deployment in the region of northeastern South America and the southeastern Caribbean to study the crustal and uppermost mantle structure through a joint inversion of surface-wave dispersion curves determined from ambient seismic noise and receiver functions. The availability of both ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) and land stations makes this experiment ideal to determine the best processing methods to extract reliable empirical Green{\textquoteright}s functions (EGFs) and construct a 3D shear velocity model. Results show EGFs with high signal-to-noise ratio for land{\textendash}land, land{\textendash}OBS and OBS{\textendash}OBS paths from a variety of stacking methods. Using the EGF estimates, we measure phase and group velocity dispersion curves for Rayleigh and Love waves. We complement these observations with receiver functions, which allow us to perform an H-k analysis to obtain Moho depth estimates across the study area. The measured dispersion curves and receiver functions are used in a Bayesian joint inversion to retrieve a series of 1D shear-wave velocity models, which are then interpolated to build a 3D model of the region. Our results display clear contrasts in the oceanic region across the border of the San Sebastian{\textendash}El Pilar strike-slip fault system as well as a high-velocity region that corresponds well with the continental craton of southeastern Venezuela. We resolve known geological features in our new model, including the Espino Graben and the Guiana Shield provinces, and provide new information about their crustal structures. Furthermore, we image the difference in the crust beneath the Matur{\'\i}n and Gu{\'a}rico sub-basins.},
	issn = {1869-9510},
	doi = {10.5194/se-13-1781-2022},
	url = {https://se.copernicus.org/articles/13/1781/2022/},
	author = {Cabieces, Roberto and Arnaiz-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Mariano S. and Villase{\~n}or, Antonio and Berg, Elizabeth and Olivar-Casta{\~n}o, Andr{\'e}s and Ventosa, Sergi and Ferreira, Ana M. G.}
}
@article {zhang_signature_2021,
	title = {The Signature and Elimination of Sediment Reverberations on Submarine Receiver Functions},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {126},
	number = {5},
	year = {2021},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020JB021567},
	pages = {e2020JB021567},
	abstract = {While the receiver function technique has been successfully applied to high-resolution imaging of sharp discontinuities within and across the lithosphere, it suffers from severe limitations when applied to seafloor seismic recordings. This is because the water and sediment layer could strongly influence the receiver function traces, making detection and interpretation of crust and mantle layering difficult. This effect is often referred to as the singing phenomena in marine environments. We demonstrate, using analytical and synthetic modeling, that this singing effect can be reversed using a selective dereverberation filter tuned to match the elastic property of each layer. We apply the dereverberation filter to high-quality earthquake records collected from the NoMelt seismic array deployed on normal, mature Pacific seafloor. An appropriate filter designed using the elastic properties of the underlying sediments, obtained from prior studies, greatly improves the detection of Ps conversions from the Moho (\~{}8.6 km) and from a sharp discontinuity (<\~{}5 km) across the lithosphere asthenosphere transition (\~{}72 km). Sensitivity tests show that the dereverberation filter is mostly sensitive to the two-way travel time of the shear wave in sediment and is robust to seismic noise and small errors in the sediment properties. Our analysis suggests that selectively filtering out the sediment reverberations from ocean seismic data could make inferences on subsurface structure more robust. We expect that this study will enable high-resolution receiver function imaging of the oceanic plate across the growing ocean bottom seismic arrays being deployed in the global oceans.},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2020JB021567},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020JB021567},
	author = {Zhang, Ziqi and Olugboji, Tolulope}
}
@article {barcheck_alaska_2020,
	title = {The Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment},
	journal = {Seismological Research Letters},
	volume = {91},
	number = {6},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {3054{\textendash}3063},
	abstract = {The Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment (AACSE) is a shoreline-crossing passive- and active-source seismic experiment that took place from May 2018 through August 2019 along an \~{}700  km long section of the Aleutian subduction zone spanning Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula. The experiment featured 105 broadband seismometers; 30 were deployed onshore, and 75 were deployed offshore in Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) packages. Additional strong-motion instruments were also deployed at six onshore seismic sites. Offshore OBS stretched from the outer rise across the trench to the shelf. OBSs in shallow water (\&lt;262  m depth) were deployed with a trawl-resistant shield, and deeper OBSs were unshielded. Additionally, a number of OBS-mounted strong-motion instruments, differential and absolute pressure gauges, hydrophones, and temperature and salinity sensors were deployed. OBSs were deployed on two cruises of the R/V Sikuliaq in May and July 2018 and retrieved on two cruises aboard the R/V Sikuliaq and R/V Langseth in August{\textendash}September 2019. A complementary 398-instrument nodal seismometer array was deployed on Kodiak Island for four weeks in May{\textendash}June 2019, and an active-source seismic survey on the R/V Langseth was arranged in June 2019 to shoot into the AACSE broadband network and the nodes. Additional underway data from cruises include seafloor bathymetry and sub-bottom profiles, with extra data collected near the rupture zone of the 2018 Mw~7.9 offshore-Kodiak earthquake. The AACSE network was deployed simultaneously with the EarthScope Transportable Array (TA) in Alaska, effectively densifying and extending the TA offshore in the region of the Alaska Peninsula. AACSE is a community experiment, and all data were made available publicly as soon as feasible in appropriate repositories.},
	issn = {0895-0695},
	doi = {10.1785/0220200189},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200189},
	author = {Barcheck, Grace and Abers, Geoffrey A. and Adams, Aubreya N. and B{\'e}cel, Anne and Collins, John and Gaherty, James B. and Haeussler, Peter J. and Li, Zongshan and Moore, Ginevra and Onyango, Evans and Roland, Emily and Sampson, Daniel E. and Schwartz, Susan Y. and Sheehan, Anne F. and Shillington, Donna J. and Shore, Patrick J. and Webb, Spahr and Wiens, Douglas A. and Worthington, Lindsay L.}
}
@article {trehu_post-seismic_2019,
	title = {Post-seismic response of the outer accretionary prism after the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile},
	journal = {Geosphere},
	volume = {16},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {13{\textendash}32},
	abstract = {To investigate the dynamic response of the outer accretionary prism updip from the patch of greatest slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake (Chile), 10 ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) were deployed from May 2012 to March 2013 in a small network with an inter-instrument spacing of 7{\textendash}10 km. Nine were recovered, with four recording data from intermediate-band three-component seismometers and differential pressure gauges, and five recording data from absolute pressure gauges (APGs). All instruments were also equipped with fluid flow meters designed to detect very low rates of flow into or out of the seafloor. We present hypocenters for local earthquakes that have S-P times \&lt;17 s (i.e., within \~{}125 km of the network), with a focus on events located beneath or near the network. Most of the seismicity occurred either near the boundary between the active accretionary prism and continental basement or in the outer rise seaward of the trench. For many outer-rise earthquakes, the P and S arrivals are followed by a distinctive T-phase arrival. Very few earthquakes, and none located with hypocenters deemed {\textquotedblleft}reliable,{\textquotedblright} were located within the active accretionary prism or on the underlying plate boundary. Nonvolcanic tremor-like pulses and seafloor pressure transients (but no very-low-frequency earthquakes or fluid flow) were also detected. Many of the tremor observations are likely T-phases or reverberations due to soft seafloor sediments, although at least one episode may have originated within the accretionary prism south of the network. The transient seafloor pressure changes were observed simultaneously on three APGs located over the transition from the active prism to the continental basement and show polarity changes over short distances, suggesting a shallow source. Their duration of several hours to days is shorter than most geodetic transients observed using onshore GPS networks. The results demonstrate the need for densely spaced and large-aperture OBS networks equipped with APGs for understanding subduction zone behavior.},
	issn = {1553-040X},
	doi = {10.1130/GES02102.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02102.1},
	author = {Tr{\'e}hu, Anne M. and de Moor, Alexander and Madrid, Jos{\'e} Mieres and S{\'a}ez, Miguel and Chadwell, C. David and Ortega-Culaciati, Francisco and Ruiz, Javier and Ruiz, Sergio and Tryon, Michael D.}
}
@article {Accardo2017,
	title = {Surface wave imaging of the weakly extended Malawi Rift from ambient-noise and teleseismic Rayleigh waves from onshore and lake-bottom seismometers},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {209},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {1892{\textendash}1905},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1093/gji/ggx133},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/209/3/1892/3098113},
	author = {Accardo, N.J. and Gaherty, J.B. and Shillington, D.J. and Ebinger, C.J. and Nyblade, A.A. and Mbogoni, G.J. and Chindandali, P.R.N. and Ferdinand, R.W. and Mulibo, G.D. and Kamihanda, G. and Keir, D. and Scholz, C. and Selway, K. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, J.P. and Tepp, G. and Gallacher, R. and Mtelela, K. and Salima, J. and Mruma, A.}
}
@article {Shillington2016,
	title = {Acquisition of a Unique Onshore/Offshore Geophysical and Geochemical Dataset in the Northern Malawi (Nyasa) Rift},
	journal = {Seismological Research Letters},
	volume = {87},
	number = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {1406{\textendash}1416},
	issn = {0895-0695},
	doi = {10.1785/0220160112},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/srl/article/87/6/1406-1416/314187},
	author = {Shillington, Donna J. and Gaherty, James B. and Ebinger, Cynthia J. and Scholz, Christopher A. and Selway, Kate and Nyblade, Andrew A. and Bedrosian, Paul A. and Class, Cornelia and Nooner, Scott L. and Pritchard, Matthew E. and Elliott, Julie and Chindandali, Patrick R. N. and Mbogoni, Gaby and Ferdinand, Richard Wambura and Boniface, Nelson and Manya, Shukrani and Kamihanda, Godson and Saria, Elifuraha and Mulibo, Gabriel and Salima, Jalf and Mruma, Abdul and Kalindekafe, Leonard and Accardo, Natalie J. and Ntambila, Daud and Kachingwe, Marsella and Mesko, Gary T. and McCartney, Tannis and Maquay, Melania and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, J. P. and Tepp, Gabrielle and Mtelela, Khalfan and Trinhammer, Per and Wood, Douglas and Aaron, Ernest and Gibaud, Mark and Rapa, Martin and Pfeifer, Cathy and Mphepo, Felix and Gondwe, Duncan and Arroyo, Gabriella and Eddy, Celia and Kamoga, Brian and Moshi, Mary}
}
@article {Berger2016,
	title = {An ocean bottom seismic observatory with near real-time telemetry},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {68{\textendash}77},
	issn = {2333-5084},
	doi = {10.1002/2015EA000137},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015EA000137},
	author = {Berger, J. and Laske, G. and Babcock, J. and Orcutt, J.}
}
@article {Abers2016,
	title = {Southeast Papuan crustal tectonics: Imaging extension and buoyancy of an active rift},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {121},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {951{\textendash}971},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JB012621},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JB012621},
	author = {Abers, G. A. and Eilon, Z. and Gaherty, J. B. and Jin, G. and Kim, YH. and Obrebski, M. and Dieck, C.}
}
@article {van_avendonk_deep_2014,
	title = {Deep crustal structure of an arc-continent collision: Constraints from seismic traveltimes in central Taiwan and the Philippine Sea},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {119},
	number = {11},
	year = {2014},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2014JB011327},
	pages = {8397{\textendash}8416},
	abstract = {The collision of continental crust of the Eurasian Plate with the overriding Luzon Arc in central Taiwan has led to compression, uplift, and exhumation of rocks that were originally part of the Chinese rifted margin. Though the kinematics of the fold-thrust belt on the west side of the orogen has been described in detail, the style of deformation in the lower crust beneath Taiwan is still not well understood. In addition, the fate of the Luzon Arc and Forearc in the collision is also not clear. Compressional wave arrival times from active-source and earthquake seismic data from the Taiwan Integrated Geodynamic Research program constrain the seismic velocity structure of the lithosphere along transect T5, an east-west corridor in central Taiwan. The results of our analysis indicate that the continental crust of the Eurasian margin forms a broad crustal root beneath central Taiwan, possibly with a thickness of 55 km. Compressional seismic velocities beneath the Central Range of Taiwan are as low as 5.5 km/s at 25 km depth, whereas P wave seismic velocities in the middle crust on the eastern flank of the Taiwan mountain belt average 6.5{\textendash}7.0 km/s. This suggests that the incoming sediments and upper crust of the Eurasian Plate are buried to midcrustal depth in the western flank of the orogen before they are exhumed in the Central Range. To the east, the Luzon Arc and Forearc are deformed beneath the Coastal Range of central Taiwan. Fragments of the rifted margin of the South China Sea that were accreted in the early stages of the collision form a new backstop that controls the exhumation of Eurasian strata to the west in this evolving mountain belt.},
	keywords = {arc-continent collision, earthquakes, Philippine Sea Plate, seismic refraction, Taiwan, tomography},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JB011327},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JB011327},
	author = {Van Avendonk, H. J. A. and Kuo-Chen, H. and McIntosh, K. D. and Lavier, L. L. and Okaya, D. A. and Wu, F. T. and Wang, C. Y. and Lee, C. S. and Liu, C. S.}
}
@article {laske_asymmetric_2011,
	title = {Asymmetric shallow mantle structure beneath the Hawaiian Swell-evidence from Rayleigh waves recorded by the PLUME network},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {187},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1725{\textendash}1742},
	abstract = {We present models of the 3-D shear velocity structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath the Hawaiian hotspot and surrounding region. The models are derived from long-period Rayleigh-wave phase velocities that were obtained from the analysis of seismic recordings collected during two year-long deployments for the Hawaiian Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Mantle Experiment. For this experiment, broad-band seismic sensors were deployed at nearly 70 seafloor sites as well as 10 sites on the Hawaiian Islands. Our seismic images result from a two-step inversion of path-averaged dispersion curves using the two-station method. The images reveal an asymmetry in shear velocity structure with respect to the island chain, most notably in the lower lithosphere at depths of 60 km and greater, and in the asthenosphere. An elongated, 100-km-wide and 300-km-long low-velocity anomaly reaches to depths of at least 140 km. At depths of 60 km and shallower, the lowest velocities are found near the northern end of the island of Hawaii. No major velocity anomalies are found to the south or southeast of Hawaii, at any depth. The low-velocity anomaly in the asthenosphere is consistent with an excess temperature of 200-250 {\textdegree}C and partial melt at the level of a few percent by volume, if we assume that compositional variations as a result of melt extraction play a minor role. We also image small-scale low-velocity anomalies within the lithosphere that may be associated with the volcanic fields surrounding the Hawaiian Islands.},
	issn = {0956-540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05238.x},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05238.x},
	author = {Laske, Gabi and Markee, Amanda and Orcutt, John A. and Wolfe, Cecily J. and Collins, John A. and Solomon, Sean C. and Detrick, Robert S. and Bercovici, David and Hauri, Erik H.}
}
@article {wolfe_mantle_2011,
	title = {Mantle P-wave velocity structure beneath the Hawaiian hotspot},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {303},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {267{\textendash}280},
	abstract = {Three-dimensional images of P-wave velocity structure beneath the Hawaiian Islands, obtained from a network of seafloor and land seismometers, show an upper-mantle low-velocity anomaly that is elongated in the direction of the island chain and surrounded by a high-velocity anomaly in the shallow upper mantle that is parabolic in map view. Low velocities continue downward to the mantle transition zone between 410 and 660km depth and extend into the topmost lower mantle, although the resolution of lower mantle structure from this data set is limited. Comparisons of inversions with separate data sets at different frequencies suggest that contamination by water reverberations is not markedly biasing the P-wave imaging of mantle structure. Many aspects of the P-wave images are consistent with independent tomographic images of S-wave velocity in the region, but there are some differences in upper mantle structure between P-wave and S-wave velocities. Inversions without station terms show a southwestward shift in the location of lowest P-wave velocities in the uppermost mantle relative to the pattern for shear waves, and inversions with station terms show differences between P-wave and S-wave velocity heterogeneity in the shallow upper mantle beneath and immediately east of the island of Hawaii. Nonetheless, the combined data sets are in general agreement with the hypothesis that the Hawaiian hotspot is the result of an upwelling, high-temperature plume. The broad upper-mantle low-velocity region beneath the Hawaiian Islands may reflect the diverging {\textquotedblleft}pancake{\textquotedblright} at the top of the upwelling zone; the surrounding region of high velocities could represent a downwelling curtain; and the low-velocity anomalies southeast of Hawaii in the transition zone and topmost lower mantle are consistent with predictions of plume tilt.},
	keywords = {finite-frequency tomography, Hawaii, hotspot, mantle plume},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.01.004},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11000161},
	author = {Wolfe, Cecily J. and Solomon, Sean C. and Laske, Gabi and Collins, John A. and Detrick, Robert S. and Orcutt, John A. and Bercovici, David and Hauri, Erik H.}
}
@article {wolfe_mantle_2009,
	title = {Mantle Shear-Wave Velocity Structure Beneath the Hawaiian Hot Spot},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {326},
	number = {5958},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {1388{\textendash}1390},
	abstract = {Defining the mantle structure that lies beneath hot spots is important for revealing their depth of origin. Three-dimensional images of shear-wave velocity beneath the Hawaiian Islands, obtained from a network of sea-floor and land seismometers, show an upper-mantle low-velocity anomaly that is elongated in the direction of the island chain and surrounded by a parabola-shaped high-velocity anomaly. Low velocities continue downward to the mantle transition zone between 410 and 660 kilometers depth, a result that is in agreement with prior observations of transition-zone thinning. The inclusion of SKS observations extends the resolution downward to a depth of 1500 kilometers and reveals a several-hundred-kilometer-wide region of low velocities beneath and southeast of Hawaii. These images suggest that the Hawaiian hot spot is the result of an upwelling high-temperature plume from the lower mantle.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1180165},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1180165},
	author = {Wolfe, Cecily J. and Solomon, Sean C. and Laske, Gabi and Collins, John A. and Detrick, Robert S. and Orcutt, John A. and Bercovici, David and Hauri, Erik H.}
}
@article {okaya_imaging_2003,
	title = {Imaging a plate boundar using double-sided onshore-offshore seismic profiling},
	journal = {The Leading Edge},
	volume = {22},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {256{\textendash}260},
	issn = {1070-485X},
	doi = {10.1190/1.1564531},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1564531},
	author = {Okaya, David and Stern, Tim and Holbrook, Steve and van Avendonk, Harm and Davey, Fred and Henrys, Stuart}
}
