@article {anderson_deformation_2025,
	title = {Deformation on Rainbow Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Illuminated With Microearthquakes Detected by Machine Learning},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {52},
	number = {2},
	year = {2025},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2024GL111285},
	pages = {e2024GL111285},
	abstract = {Abstract Oceanic detachment fault systems are characteristic of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, where reduced magma supply leads to increased extension by faulting and exhumation of oceanic core complexes (OCCs). OCCs have complicated structure reflecting the interplay between magmatic, hydrothermal, and tectonic processes. We use microearthquake data from a 9-month ocean bottom seismometer deployment to image deformation structures in the Rainbow massif on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Using a machine-learning enabled workflow to obtain an earthquake catalog containing > {\vphantom} > \textbackslash68,000 events, we find seismicity occurred in distinct clusters that correlate with previously imaged velocity anomalies and dipping subsurface reflections. Our results are consistent with a dipping alteration front within the massif overlying late-stage intrusions and suggest a transpressional fault accommodates a non-transform offset north of the massif. Our results demonstrate OCCs continue to deform in a complex way after a detachment fault has been abandoned due to combined effects of tectonic stresses, magmatism, and alteration.},
	keywords = {detachment faults, machine learning, microearthquakes, oceanic core complex, slow spreading mid-ocean ridges},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111285},
	author = {Anderson, Evan C. and Parnell-Turner, Ross and Sohn, Robert A. and Fan, Wenyuan}
}
@article {park_low-velocity_2025,
	title = {Low-velocity anomaly in the Coral Sea associated with subducting slabs and the Woodlark rift},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {184},
	abstract = {Classical plume models offer insights into intraplate volcanism and seamount chain formation by assuming a cylindrical upwelling of hot materials from the core-mantle boundary. The interaction of mantle plumes with ridges or subducting slabs disrupts typical plate tectonics, leading to distinctive tectonic phenomena such as ridge jumps or slab stagnation. However, thermal plume models sometimes fall short in explaining perplexing tectonic features, necessitating consideration of compositional heterogeneities within mantle plumes. Here, using multimode waveform tomography, we identify a large, vertically divergent low-velocity anomaly in the upper mantle beneath the Coral Sea in the southwestern Pacific, which circumvents the remnants of subducting slabs toward northeastern Australia with intraplate volcanism, and the Woodlark rift, the most rapidly extending continental rift. Our findings furnish seismic evidence for the widespread propagation of a thermochemical mantle plume spanning over 10{\textdegree} at depths of 270{\textendash}410 km, facilitating its simultaneous contacts with slabs and rifts.},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-025-02166-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02166-8},
	author = {Park, Ji-hoon and Chang, Sung-Joon}
}
@article {priestley_thermal_2024,
	title = {The thermal and anisotropic structure of the top 300 km of the mantle},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {626},
	year = {2024},
	month = {01/2024},
	pages = {118525},
	abstract = {From our analyses of fundamental and higher-mode surface waves from \~{}1.2{\texttimes}107 seismograms, we constructed tomographic models of Vsv and Vsh. At depths shallower than 300 km, models of the temperature of cooling oceanic lithosphere, pressure and temperature estimates from garnet peridotite nodules, and the estimated average potential temperature of the convecting upper mantle from the thickness of the oceanic crust are combined with laboratory measurements of shear modulus and attenuation to parameterize the dependence of Vsv on temperature and pressure. The resulting parameters agree with those from independent laboratory measurements, which extend over a range of nine orders of magnitude of the dimensionless period. The fitting parameters were then used to produce global estimates of the temperature at depths shallower than 300 km and of the lithospheric thickness. The resulting map is similar to those of previous studies, though the use of such a large number of seismograms has considerably improved the resolution. Extensive regions of the continents are underlain by lithosphere whose thickness is less than that of old oceanic lithosphere. In contrast, the lithospheric thickness beneath most cratons is between 180 and 220 km. Where rifted continental margins formed when Pangea fragmented and cut across the cratonic lithosphere, the present continental margins coincide with the margins of the cratons.},
	keywords = {cratons, lithospheric thickness, ridge axes, shear wave tomography, upper mantle temperatures},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118525},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X2300537X},
	author = {Priestley, Keith and Ho, Tak and Takei, Yasuko and McKenzie, Dan}
}
@article {sahoo_tidal_2024,
	title = {Tidal triggering of seismic swarm associated with hydrothermal circulation at Blanco ridge transform fault zone, Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors},
	volume = {356},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11/2024},
	pages = {107259},
	abstract = {Seismicity associated with hydrothermal systems (e.g., submarine volcanoes, mid-oceanic ridges, oceanic transform faults, etc.) share a complex relationship with the tidal forcing and induced fluid flow process under different tectonic settings. The hydrothermal circulation drives the deformation at the brittle-ductile transition zone within a permeable brittle crust. Although the tidal loading amplitudes are too small to generate a brittle deformation, the incremental pressure exerted by the tidal loading can modulate the flow of hydrothermal fluid circulation and trigger the critically stressed faults or fracture zones. We present a compelling case of tidal modulation in seismicity along the Blanco Ridge Transform Fault Zone (BRTFZ), in the northeast Pacific. The strong diurnal and fortnightly periodicity has been observed in the deeper seismic swarm (7{\textendash}15~km), whereas the shallow seismic swarm (0{\textendash}7~km) does not exhibit any such tidal periodicity. The dominance of diurnal and fortnightly periodicity in the deeper seismic swarm is explained by the high amplitude tidal cycles providing additional stress on the fluid circulation at the crust-mantle boundary. Moreover, our robust statistical correlation of seismicity with tidal stress and resonance destabilization model under rate-and-state friction formalism suggests that the fault segments are conditionally unstable and more sensitive to periodic tidal stress perturbation.},
	keywords = {Hydrothermal fluid, Ocean transform fault, Resonance destabilization, Seismic swarm, Tidal periodicity},
	issn = {0031-9201},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107259},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031920124001171},
	author = {Sahoo, Sambit and Senapati, Batakrushna and Panda, Dibyashakti and Jin, Shuanggen and Kundu, Bhaskar}
}
@inbook {jezequel_impacts_2023,
	title = {Impacts of Substrate-Borne Vibrations from Pile Driving in a Benthic Marine Invertebrate},
	booktitle = {The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life : Principles and Practical Considerations},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	chapter = {Impacts of Substrate-Borne Vibrations from Pile Driving in a Benthic Marine Invertebrate},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {Many anthropogenic activities in the ocean involve direct contact with the seabed. These benthic interactions can potentially be harmful to marine fauna. For example, pile driving is commonly used for coastal and offshore constructions, including wind farms that overlap with vital marine habitats. The sound from pile driving is a major pollutant of international concern, although studies on substrate-borne vibrations arising from these activities are scarce, particularly those which address impacts to key benthic invertebrates. In a field-based study, the impacts of substrate-borne vibrations from pile driving were quantified on the giant scallop (Placopecten magellanicus), an ecologically and commercially important bivalve. Behavioral responses of tagged scallops to pile driving were assessed at two spatial scales (< 10 and 50~m from the source). Pile driving induced valve closures in scallops at substrate-borne vibration levels similar to those measured hundreds of meters from wind turbine constructions. These responses could have long-term energetic consequences on scallops, rending them more vulnerable to predation. The results suggest offshore wind farm constructions have the potential to impact scallop populations.},
	keywords = {Anthropogenic sound, Bivalve, Climate change, Offshore wind farm, Pollution},
	isbn = {978-3-031-10417-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-10417-6_72-1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10417-6_72-1},
	author = {J{\'e}z{\'e}quel, Youenn and Cones, Seth F. and Jensen, Frants H. and Brewer, Hannah and Collins, John and Mooney, T. Aran},
	editor = {Popper, Arthur N. and Sisneros, Joseph and Hawkins, Anthony D. and Thomsen, Frank}
}
@article {gong_machine_2023,
	title = {Machine Learning-Based New Earthquake Catalog Illuminates On-Fault and Off-Fault Seismicity Patterns at the Discovery Transform Fault, East Pacific Rise},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {24},
	number = {9},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023GC011043},
	pages = {e2023GC011043},
	abstract = {Oceanic transform faults connect spreading centers and are imprinted with previous tectonic events. However, their tectonic interactions are not well understood due to limited observations. The Discovery transform fault system at 4{\textdegree}S, East Pacific Rise (EPR), represents a young transform system, offering a unique opportunity to study the interplay between faulting and other tectonic events at an early phases of an oceanic transform system. Discovery regularly hosts M5{\textendash}6 characteristic earthquakes, and the seafloor north of Discovery includes a 35 km-long rift zone that records a complex history of rifting, faulting and volcanism, suggesting that the transform faults likely interact with regional tectonic activity. We apply a machine-learning enabled workflow to locate 21,391 earthquakes recorded during a 1-year ocean bottom seismometer experiment in 2008. Our results indicate that seismicity on the western Discovery fault is separated into seven patches with distinct aseismic and seismic slip modes. Additionally, we observe a patch of off-fault seismicity near where seafloor abyssal hills intersect the rift zone. This seismicity may have been caused by varying opening rates as spreading rate decreases from north to south in the rift zone. Our findings suggest that the Discovery system is still evolving, and that system equilibrium has not been reached between rifting and faulting. These results reflect the complex yet rarely observed interactions between fault slip, plate rotation, and rifting which are likely ubiquitous at oceanic transform systems.},
	keywords = {fault segmentation, microseismicity, oceanic transform fault, rifting},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2023GC011043},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023GC011043},
	author = {Gong, Jianhua and Fan, Wenyuan and Parnell-Turner, Ross}
}
@article {boyce_new_2023,
	title = {A new P-wave Tomographic Model (CAP22) for North America: Implications for the Subduction and Cratonic Metasomatic Modification History of Western Canada and Alaska},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {128},
	number = {3},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022JB025745},
	pages = {e2022JB025745},
	abstract = {Our understanding of the present-day state and evolution of the Canadian and Alaskan mantle is hindered by a lack of absolute P-wavespeed constraints that provide complementary sensitivity to composition in conjunction with existing S-wavespeed models. Consequently, cratonic modification, orogenic history of western North America and complexities within the Alaskan Proto-Pacific subduction system remain enigmatic. One challenge concerns the difficulties in extracting absolute arrival-time measurements from often-noisy data recorded by temporary seismograph networks required to fill gaps in continental and global databases. Using the Absolute Arrival-time Recovery Method (AARM), we extract > 180,000 new absolute arrival-time residuals from seismograph stations across Canada and Alaska and combine these data with USArray and global arrival-time data from the contiguous US and Alaska. We develop a new absolute P-wavespeed tomographic model, CAP22, spanning North America that significantly improves resolution in Canada and Alaska over previous models. Slow wavespeeds below the Canadian Cordillera sharply abut fast wavespeeds of the continental interior at the Rocky Mountain Trench in southwest Canada. Slow wavespeeds below the Mackenzie Mountains continue farther inland in northwest Canada, indicating Proterozoic-Archean metasomatism of the Slave craton. Inherited tectonic lineaments colocated with this north-south wavespeed boundary suggest that both the crust and mantle may control Cordilleran orogenic processes. In Alaska, fast upper mantle wavespeeds below the Wrangell Volcanic Field favor a conventional subduction related mechanism for volcanism. Finally, seismic evidence for the subducted Kula and Yukon slabs indicate tectonic reconstructions of western North America may require revision.},
	keywords = {Alaskan Subduction Zone, body wave tomography, Cordilleran Orogenesis, North America, Slave Craton},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2022JB025745},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022JB025745},
	author = {Boyce, A. and Liddell, M. V. and Pugh, S. and Brown, J. and McMurchie, E. and Parsons, A. and Est{\`e}ve, C. and Burdick, S. and Darbyshire, F. A. and Cottaar, S. and Bastow, I. D. and Schaeffer, A. J. and Audet, P. and Schutt, D. L. and Aster, R. C.}
}
@article {262,
	title = {Slab to back-arc to arc: Fluid and melt pathways through the mantle wedge beneath the Lesser Antilles},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2023},
	month = {02/2023},
	pages = {eadd2143},
	abstract = {Volatiles expelled from subducted plates promote melting of the overlying warm mantle, feeding arc volcanism. However, debates continue over the factors controlling melt generation and transport, and how these determine the placement of volcanoes. To broaden our synoptic view of these fundamental mantle wedge processes, we image seismic attenuation beneath the Lesser Antilles arc, an end-member system that slowly subducts old, tectonized lithosphere. Punctuated anomalies with high ratios of bulk-to-shear attenuation (Qκ-1/Qμ-1 > 0.6) and VP/VS (>1.83) lie 40 km above the slab, representing expelled fluids that are retained in a cold boundary layer, transporting fluids toward the back-arc. The strongest attenuation (1000/QS ~ 20), characterizing melt in warm mantle, lies beneath the back-arc, revealing how back-arc mantle feeds arc volcanoes. Melt ponds under the upper plate and percolates toward the arc along structures from earlier back-arc spreading, demonstrating how slab dehydration, upper-plate properties, past tectonics, and resulting melt pathways collectively condition volcanism.},
	keywords = {3706 Geophysics},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.add2143},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add2143},
	author = {Hicks, SP and Bie, L and Rychert, CA and Harmon, N and Goes, S and Rietbrock, A and Wei, SS and Collier, JS and Henstock, TJ and Lynch, L and Prytulak, J and Macpherson, CG and Schlaphorst, D and Wilkinson, JJ and Blundy, JD and Cooper, GF and Davy, RG and Kendall, J-M and VOILA WORKING GROUP}
}
@article {paulatto_advances_2022,
	title = {Advances in seismic imaging of magma and crystal mush},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2022},
	month = {10/2022},
	abstract = {Seismic imaging methods have provided detailed three-dimensional constraints on the physical properties of magmatic systems leading to invaluable insight into the storage, differentiation and dynamics of magma. These constraints have been crucial to the development of our modern understanding of magmatic systems. However, there are still outstanding knowledge gaps resulting from the challenges inherent in seismic imaging of volcanoes. These challenges stem from the complex physics of wave propagation across highly heterogeneous low-velocity anomalies associated with magma reservoirs. Ray-based seismic imaging methods such as travel-time and surface-wave tomography lead to under-recovery of such velocity anomalies and to under-estimation of melt fractions. This review aims to help the volcanologist to fully utilize the insights gained from seismic imaging and account for the resolution limits. We summarize the advantages and limitations of the most common imaging methods and propose best practices for their implementation and the quantitative interpretation of low-velocity anomalies. We constructed and analysed a database of 277 seismic imaging studies at 78 arc, hotspot and continental rift volcanoes. Each study is accompanied by information about the seismic source, part of the wavefield used, imaging method, any detected low-velocity zones, and estimated melt fraction. Thirty nine studies attempted to estimate melt fractions at 22 different volcanoes. Only five studies have found evidence of melt storage at melt fractions above the critical porosity that separates crystal mush from mobile magma. The median reported melt fraction is 13\% suggesting that magma storage is dominated by low-melt fraction crystal mush. However, due to the limits of seismic resolution, the seismological evidence does not rule out the presence of small (<10~km3) and medium-sized (<100~km3) high-melt fraction magma chambers at many of the studied volcanoes. The combination of multiple tomographic imaging methods and the wider adoption of methods that use more of the seismic wavefield than the first arriving travel-times, promise to overcome some of the limitations of seismic tomography and provide more reliable constraints on melt fractions. Wider adoption of these new methods and advances in data collection are needed to enable a revolution in imaging magma reservoirs.},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2022.970131},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.970131},
	author = {Paulatto, Michele and Hooft, Emilie E. E. and Chrapkiewicz, Kajetan and Heath, Benjamin and Toomey, Douglas R. and Morgan, Joanna V.}
}
@article {chrapkiewicz_magma_2022,
	title = {Magma Chamber Detected Beneath an Arc Volcano With Full-Waveform Inversion of Active-Source Seismic Data},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {23},
	number = {11},
	year = {2022},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022GC010475},
	month = {10/2022},
	pages = {e2022GC010475},
	abstract = {Arc volcanoes are underlain by complex systems of molten-rock reservoirs ranging from melt-poor mush zones to melt-rich magma chambers. Petrological and satellite data indicate that eruptible magma chambers form in the topmost few kilometres of the crust. However, very few chambers have ever been definitively located, suggesting that most are too short-lived or too small to be imaged, which has direct implications for hazard assessment and modeling of magma differentiation. Here we use a high-resolution technology based on inverting full seismic waveforms to image a small, high-melt-fraction magma chamber that was not detected with standard seismic tomography. The melt reservoir extends from \~{}2 to at least 4 km below sea level (b.s.l.) at Kolumbo{\textemdash}a submarine volcano near Santorini, Greece. The chamber coincides with the termination point of the recent earthquake swarms and may be a missing link between a deeper melt reservoir and the high-temperature hydrothermal system venting at the crater floor. The chamber poses a serious hazard as it could produce a highly explosive, tsunamigenic eruption in the near future. Our results suggest that similar reservoirs (relatively small but high-melt-fraction) may have gone undetected at other active volcanoes, challenging the existing eruption forecasts and reactive-flow models of magma differentiation.},
	keywords = {full-waveform inversion, Kolumbo volcano, magma chamber, magmatic system, Santorini volcanic field, volcano tomography},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2022GC010475},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022GC010475},
	author = {Chrapkiewicz, K. and Paulatto, M. and Heath, B. A. and Hooft, E. E. E. and Nomikou, P. and Papazachos, C. B. and Schmid, F. and Toomey, D. R. and Warner, M. R. and Morgan, J. V.}
}
@article {gong_microseismicity_2022,
	title = {Microseismicity Indicates Atypical Small-Scale Plate Rotation at the Quebrada Transform Fault System, East Pacific Rise},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	month = {01/2022},
	abstract = {Closely spaced, multi-strand ridge transform faults (RTFs) accommodate relative motions along fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. However, the relations between RTFs and plate spreading dynamics are poorly understood. The Quebrada system is one of the most unique RTF systems at the East Pacific Rise, consisting of four transform faults connected by three short intra-transform spreading centers (ITSCs). We use seven-months of ocean bottom seismograph data to study the Quebrada system, and find abundant earthquakes unevenly distributed among three active faults. We identify two deep, diffuse seismicity clouds at the inside corners of the ITSC-transform fault intersections, and one seismically active fracture zone. The observations suggest a complex regional plate-motion pattern, including possible heterogeneous rotations within the Quebrada system. Evolution of multi-strand RTFs may have resulted from a strong three-dimensional local thermal and fluid effects, while the RTFs may have also regulated regional tectonics, forming an intricate feedback system.},
	keywords = {SEGMENTATION},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2021GL097000},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP\&SrcAuth=LinksAMR\&KeyUT=WOS:000759485200037\&DestLinkType=FullRecord\&DestApp=ALL_WOS\&UsrCustomerID=8089ad20fbb398f01a4cda689a61f0e5},
	author = {Gong, J and Fan, W and Parnell-Turner, R}
}
@article {eilon_pacific_2021,
	title = {The Pacific OBS Research into Convecting Asthenosphere (ORCA) Experiment},
	journal = {Seismological Research Letters},
	volume = {93},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {477{\textendash}493},
	abstract = {The Pacific ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) Research into Convecting Asthenosphere (ORCA) experiment deployed two 30-station seismic arrays between 2018 and 2020{\textemdash}a US contribution to the international PacificArray project. The {\textquotedblleft}Young ORCA{\textquotedblright} array deployed on \~{}40~Ma central Pacific seafloor had a \~{}68\% data recovery rate, whereas the {\textquotedblleft}Old ORCA{\textquotedblright} array deployed on \~{}120~Ma southwest Pacific seafloor had a \~{}80\% recovery rate. We detail here the seismic data quality, spectral characteristics, and engineering challenges of this experiment. We provide information to assist users of this dataset, including OBS orientations and tables of daily data quality for all channels. Preliminary analysis illustrates the utility of these data for surface- and body-wave seismic imaging.},
	issn = {0895-0695},
	doi = {10.1785/0220210173},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210173},
	author = {Eilon, Zachary C. and Gaherty, James B. and Zhang, Lun and Russell, Joshua and McPeak, Sean and Phillips, Joseph and Forsyth, Donald W. and Ekstr{\"o}m, G{\"o}ran}
}
@article {heath_relationship_2021,
	title = {Relationship Between Active Faulting/Fracturing and Magmatism Around Santorini: Seismic Anisotropy From an Active Source Tomography Experiment},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {126},
	number = {8},
	year = {2021},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021JB021898},
	month = {07/2021},
	pages = {e2021JB021898},
	abstract = {In extending volcanic arcs such as the Aegean, tectonic processes exert a significant control on magmatism. Spanning scales from 1 to 10s of km, volcanic vents, edifices, and eruptive centers follow the orientation of, and are located near, fault zones. Whether this tectonic control on magmatism results from individual faults/fractures weakening the crust or because regional stresses control magma input into the crust is debated. Here we investigate the scales of tectonic and magmatic interactions, specifically focusing on the role of local-scale (<10 km) faults/fractures in controlling magmatism. We infer local-scale fault/fracture orientations from anisotropic active-source P-wave travel-time tomography to investigate tectonic and magmatic interactions in the upper crust of Santorini Volcano, Greece, and the actively deforming region to the east. We use the anisotropy magnitude and seismic velocity reduction to model the relative distribution of both consistently oriented and randomly oriented faults/fractures. Our results show that oriented faulting/fracturing resulting from regional-scale (>10 km) tectonic stresses is distributed broadly across the region at 2{\textendash}3 km depth, approximately paralleling volcanic/magmatic features. On a local-scale, magmatism is neither localized in areas of higher oriented fault/fracture density, nor is it accommodating enough extensional strain to inhibit oriented faulting/fracturing of host rock. The alignment of magmatic features shows strong tectonic control despite the lack of correlation with local oriented fault/fracture density. These results suggest that magmatic processes are strongly influenced by regional-scale, not local-scale, tectonic processes. We infer regional processes have a greater impact on magmatism than local features due to their greater effect at depth.},
	keywords = {anisotropy, faulting, magmatism, seismology, tectonism, tectono-magmatism},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JB021898},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JB021898},
	author = {Heath, B. A. and Hooft, E. E. E. and Toomey, D. R. and Paulatto, M. and Papazachos, C. B. and Nomikou, P. and Morgan, J. V.}
}
@article {McVey2020,
	title = {Magma accumulation beneath Santorini volcano, Greece, from P-wave tomography},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {231{\textendash}235},
	abstract = {Despite multidisciplinary evidence for crustal magma accumulation below Santorini volcano, Greece, the structure and melt content of the shallow magmatic system remain poorly constrained. We use three-dimensional (3-D) velocity models from tomographic inversions of active-source seismic P-wave travel times to identify a pronounced low-velocity anomaly ({\textendash}21\%) from 2.8 km to 5 km depth localized below the northern caldera basin. This anomaly is consistent with depth estimates of pre-eruptive storage and a recent inflation episode, supporting the interpretation of a shallow magma body that causes seismic attenuation and ray bending. A suite of synthetic tests shows that the geometry is well recovered while a range of melt contents (4\%{\textendash}13\% to fully molten) are allowable. A thin mush region (2\%{\textendash}7\% to 3\%{\textendash}10\% melt) extends from the main magma body toward the northeast, observed as low velocities confined by tectono-magmatic lineaments. This anomaly terminates northwest of Kolumbo; little to no melt underlies the seamount from 3 to 5 km depth. These structural constraints suggest that crustal extension and edifice loads control the geometry of magma accumulation and emphasize that the shallow crust remains conducive to melt storage shortly after a caldera-forming eruption.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G47127.1},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/48/3/231/579527/Magma-accumulation-beneath-Santorini-volcano},
	author = {McVey, B.G. and Hooft, E.E.E. and Heath, B.A. and Toomey, D.R. and Paulatto, M. and Morgan, J.V. and Nomikou, P. and Papazachos, C.B.}
}
@article {parnell-turner_seismicity_2020,
	title = {Seismicity trends and detachment fault structure at 13{\textdegree}N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {320{\textendash}324},
	abstract = {At slow-spreading ridges, plate separation is commonly partly accommodated by slip on long-lived detachment faults, exposing upper mantle and lower crustal rocks on the seafloor. However, the mechanics of this process, the subsurface structure, and the interaction of these faults remain largely unknown. We report the results of a network of 56 ocean-bottom seismographs (OBSs), deployed in 2016 at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 13{\textdegree}N, that provided dense spatial coverage of two adjacent detachment faults and the intervening ridge axis. Although both detachments exhibited high levels of seismicity, they are separated by an \~{}8-km-wide aseismic zone, indicating that they are mechanically decoupled. A linear band of seismic activity, possibly indicating magmatism, crosscuts the 13{\textdegree}30'N domed detachment surface, confirming previous evidence for fault abandonment. Farther south, where the 2016 OBS network spatially overlapped with a similar survey done in 2014, significant changes in the patterns of seismicity between these surveys are observed. These changes suggest that oceanic detachments undergo previously unobserved cycles of stress accumulation and release as plate spreading is accommodated.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G48420.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1130/G48420.1},
	author = {Parnell-Turner, R. and Sohn, R.A. and Peirce, C. and Reston, T.J. and MacLeod, C.J. and Searle, R.C. and Sim{\~a}o, N.M.}
}
@article {cooper_variable_2020,
	title = {Variable water input controls evolution of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {582},
	number = {7813},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 7813 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {525{\textendash}529},
	abstract = {Oceanic lithosphere carries volatiles, notably water, into the mantle through subduction at convergent plate boundaries. This subducted water exercises control on the production of magma, earthquakes, formation of continental crust and mineral resources. Identifying different potential fluid sources (sediments, crust and mantle lithosphere) and tracing fluids from their release to the surface has proved challenging1. Atlantic subduction zones are a valuable endmember when studying this deep water cycle because hydration in Atlantic lithosphere, produced by slow spreading, is expected to be highly non-uniform2. Here, as part of a multi-disciplinary project in the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc3, we studied boron trace element and isotopic fingerprints of melt inclusions. These reveal that serpentine{\textemdash}that is, hydrated mantle rather than crust or sediments{\textemdash}is a dominant supplier of subducted water to the central arc. This serpentine is most likely to reside in a set of major fracture zones subducted beneath the central arc over approximately the past ten million years. The current dehydration of these fracture zones coincides with the~current locations of the highest rates of earthquakes and prominent low shear velocities, whereas the preceding history~of~dehydration is consistent with the locations of~higher volcanic productivity and thicker arc crust. These combined geochemical and geophysical data indicate that the structure and hydration of the subducted plate are directly connected to the evolution of the arc and its associated seismic and volcanic hazards.},
	keywords = {Geochemistry, Geodynamics, Geophysics, seismology, Volcanology},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2407-5},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2407-5},
	author = {Cooper, George F. and Macpherson, Colin G. and Blundy, Jon D. and Maunder, Benjamin and Allen, Robert W. and Goes, Saskia and Collier, Jenny S. and Bie, Lidong and Harmon, Nicholas and Hicks, Stephen P. and Iveson, Alexander A. and Prytulak, Julie and Rietbrock, Andreas and Rychert, Catherine A. and Davidson, Jon P.}
}
@article {Hooft2019,
	title = {Seismic imaging of Santorini: Subsurface constraints on caldera collapse and present-day magma recharge},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {514},
	year = {2019},
	month = {may},
	pages = {48{\textendash}61},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.033},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X19301360},
	author = {Hooft, E.E.E. and Heath, B.A. and Toomey, D.R. and Paulatto, M. and Papazachos, C.B. and Nomikou, P. and Morgan, J.V. and Warner, M.R.}
}
@article {Heath2019,
	title = {Tectonism and Its Relation to Magmatism Around Santorini Volcano From Upper Crustal P Wave Velocity},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {124},
	number = {10},
	year = {2019},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {10610{\textendash}10629},
	issn = {2169-9313},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JB017699},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JB017699},
	author = {Heath, B. A. and Hooft, E. E. E. and Toomey, D. R. and Papazachos, C. B. and Nomikou, P. and Paulatto, M. and Morgan, J. V. and Warner, M. R.}
}
@article {pavlis_unified_2019,
	title = {A unified three-dimensional model of the lithospheric structure at the subduction corner in southeast Alaska: Summary results from STEEP},
	journal = {Geosphere},
	volume = {15},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {382{\textendash}406},
	abstract = {We merge structural results from the ST. Elias Erosion/tectonics Project (STEEP), other studies, and seismicity data to build a comprehensive, three-dimensional model of the lithosphere of the subduction corner in southern Alaska. The model is defined by three surfaces: (1) a top of the subducting lithosphere surface, (2) Moho surfaces, and (3) a base of subducting lithosphere surface. We model the eastern edge of the subducting lithosphere using the southern tip of the Yakutat microplate as an anchor. Kinematic reconstructions using that anchor suggest the modern Fairweather fault is likely inherited from motion of the margin in the 6{\textendash}10 Ma period. We constructed a 4D kinematic model of crustal deformation in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias. We call this model the middlebuster model because the geometry is similar to a two-sided plow with that name. The west side of the plow is the eastern limit of the Aleutian megathrust constructed from the union of constraints from STEEP seismic results and slip models of the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. The east side is inferred from geologic mapping and slip models of the 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquake sequence. The top of the plow is near the Seward Glacier, where previous studies showed near world-record exhumation rates. GPS velocity vectors show a large rotation across the syntaxis at Mount St. Elias. West of the syntaxis, faults inferred from inversion of the GPS data are above the megathrust inferred from seismic imaging. That and other evidence suggest the presence of a wedge of ductile crust that partially decouples the subducting mantle lithosphere from the upper crust in the area near the suture with the Yakutat microplate.},
	issn = {1553-040X},
	doi = {10.1130/GES01488.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01488.1},
	author = {Pavlis, Gary L. and Bauer, Mark A. and Elliott, Julie L. and Koons, Peter and Pavlis, Terry L. and Ruppert, Natalia and Ward, Kevin M. and Worthington, Lindsay L.}
}
@article {lynner_crustal_2017,
	title = {Crustal structure across the eastern North American margin from ambient noise tomography},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {44},
	number = {13},
	year = {2017},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017GL073500},
	pages = {6651{\textendash}6657},
	abstract = {Passive tectonic margins, like the eastern North American margin (ENAM), represent the meeting of oceanic and continental material where no active deformation is occurring. The recent ENAM Community Seismic Experiment provides an opportunity to examine the crustal structure across the ENAM owing to the simultaneous deployment of offshore and onshore seismic instrumentation. Using Rayleigh wave phase and group velocities derived from ambient noise data, we invert for shear velocity across the ENAM. We observe a region of transitional crustal thicknesses that connects the oceanic and continental crusts. Associated with the transitional crust is a localized positive gravitational anomaly. Farther east, the East Coast magnetic anomaly (ECMA) is located at the intersection of the transitional and oceanic crusts. We propose that underplating of dense magmatic material along the bottom of the transitional crust is responsible for the gravitational anomaly and that the ECMA demarks the location of initial oceanic crustal formation.},
	keywords = {ambient noise, crustal structure, eastern North American margin, passive margin},
	issn = {1944-8007},
	doi = {10.1002/2017GL073500},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL073500},
	author = {Lynner, Colton and Porritt, Robert W.}
}
@article {Shillington2016,
	title = {Acquisition of a Unique Onshore/Offshore Geophysical and Geochemical Dataset in the Northern Malawi (Nyasa) Rift},
	journal = {Seismological Research Letters},
	volume = {87},
	number = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {1406{\textendash}1416},
	issn = {0895-0695},
	doi = {10.1785/0220160112},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/srl/article/87/6/1406-1416/314187},
	author = {Shillington, Donna J. and Gaherty, James B. and Ebinger, Cynthia J. and Scholz, Christopher A. and Selway, Kate and Nyblade, Andrew A. and Bedrosian, Paul A. and Class, Cornelia and Nooner, Scott L. and Pritchard, Matthew E. and Elliott, Julie and Chindandali, Patrick R. N. and Mbogoni, Gaby and Ferdinand, Richard Wambura and Boniface, Nelson and Manya, Shukrani and Kamihanda, Godson and Saria, Elifuraha and Mulibo, Gabriel and Salima, Jalf and Mruma, Abdul and Kalindekafe, Leonard and Accardo, Natalie J. and Ntambila, Daud and Kachingwe, Marsella and Mesko, Gary T. and McCartney, Tannis and Maquay, Melania and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, J. P. and Tepp, Gabrielle and Mtelela, Khalfan and Trinhammer, Per and Wood, Douglas and Aaron, Ernest and Gibaud, Mark and Rapa, Martin and Pfeifer, Cathy and Mphepo, Felix and Gondwe, Duncan and Arroyo, Gabriella and Eddy, Celia and Kamoga, Brian and Moshi, Mary}
}
@article {Peureux2016,
	title = {Ocean bottom pressure records from the Cascadia array and short surface gravity waves},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {121},
	number = {5},
	year = {2016},
	month = {may},
	pages = {2862{\textendash}2873},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JC011580},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JC011580},
	author = {Peureux, Charles and Ardhuin, Fabrice}
}
@article {Barklage2015,
	title = {P and S velocity tomography of the Mariana subduction system from a combined land-sea seismic deployment},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {681{\textendash}704},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GC005627},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014GC005627},
	author = {Barklage, Mitchell and Wiens, Douglas A. and Conder, James A. and Pozgay, Sara and Shiobara, Hajime and Sugioka, Hiroko}
}
@inbook {Cheng2015,
	title = {Seismic Constraints on a Double-Layered Asymmetric Whole-Mantle Plume Beneath Hawai{\textquoteleft}i},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {19{\textendash}34},
	doi = {10.1002/9781118872079.ch2},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118872079.ch2},
	author = {Cheng, Cheng and Allen, Richard M. and Porritt, Rob W. and Ballmer, Maxim D.}
}
@article {Wei2015,
	title = {Seismic evidence of effects of water on melt transport in the Lau back-arc mantle},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {518},
	number = {7539},
	year = {2015},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {395{\textendash}398},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature14113},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14113},
	author = {Wei, S. Shawn and Wiens, Douglas A. and Zha, Yang and Plank, Terry and Webb, Spahr C. and Blackman, Donna K. and Dunn, Robert A. and Conder, James A.}
}
@article {anchieta_seismicity_2011,
	title = {Seismicity around the Hawaiian Islands Recorded by the PLUME Seismometer Networks: Insight into Faulting near Maui, Molokai, and Oahu},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {101},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1742{\textendash}1758},
	abstract = {Instrumental limitations have long prevented the detailed characterization of offshore earthquakes around the Hawaiian Islands, and little is known about the spatial distribution of earthquakes in regions outside the vicinity of the well-monitored island of Hawaii. Here, we analyze data from the deployment of two successive networks of ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) as part of the Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Melt Experiment (PLUME) to better determine seismicity patterns along the Hawaiian Islands and their offshore regions. We find that earthquake detection rates are improved when seismograms are high-pass filtered above \~{}5 Hz to reduce the background seismic noise. Hypocentral solutions have been determined for 1147 previously undetected microearthquakes, and an additional 2880 events correspond to earthquakes already in the catalog of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). The spatial patterns of earthquakes identified solely on the PLUME network provide complementary information to patterns identified by the HVO network. A diffuse pattern of seismicity is found to the southeast of the island of Hawaii, and clusters of earthquakes are located west of the island. Many microearthquakes are observed in the vicinity of Maui and Molokai, including some located at mantle depths. A small number of microearthquakes are found to occur near Oahu. There is no evidence from our analyses that the Molokai fracture zone (MFZ) is seismically active at this time, and no evidence was found of a previously hypothesized Diamond Head fault (DHF) near Oahu. However, on the basis of both the PLUME and HVO locations, there is a northeast{\textendash}southwest{\textendash}trending swath of epicenters extending northeastward of Oahu that may indicate the locus of moderate-sized historic earthquakes attributed to the Oahu region.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120100271},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100271},
	author = {Anchieta, Maria C. and Wolfe, Cecily J. and Pavlis, Gary L. and Vernon, Frank L. and Eakins, Jennifer A. and Solomon, Sean C. and Laske, Gabi and Collins, John A.}
}
@article {niu_receiver_2007,
	title = {Receiver function study of the crustal structure of the southeastern Caribbean plate boundary and Venezuela},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {112},
	number = {B11},
	year = {2007},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006JB004802},
	abstract = {We have investigated crustal thickness and composition across the southeastern Caribbean plate boundary with the receiver function technique. We used teleseismic data recorded by a temporary broadband array deployed under the BOLIVAR project and the permanent national seismic network of Venezuela. We used the primary P-to-S conversion and crustal reverberations to estimate crustal thickness and average crustal VP/VS ratio over the region. We observe large variations in crustal thickness and Poisson{\textquoteright}s ratio. Estimated Moho depth ranges from \~{}16 km beneath the southeastern Caribbean Sea to \~{}52 km beneath northeastern Venezuela and the Venezuelan Andes. There is a good correlation between crustal structure and tectonic terranes. Data from the Precambrian Guayana Shield suggest that the underlying crustal structure is relatively uniform with a moderate thickness (\~{}37 km) and an intermediate composition. A thick crust is found below the foreland basins. The two mountain systems in northern Venezuela, the Serrania del Interior and the Serrania del Falcon, have a thin crust with arc composition and are likely dynamically supported by elastic rebound or underthrusting of the oceanic plateau that characterizes the southern Caribbean. On the other hand, the Venezuelan Andes and Perija Range on the western side of the country are probably isostatically balanced by thick crustal roots.},
	keywords = {Moho depth, southeast Caribbean, VP/VS ratio},
	issn = {2156-2202},
	doi = {10.1029/2006JB004802},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2006JB004802},
	author = {Niu, Fenglin and Bravo, Tammy and Pavlis, Gary and Vernon, Frank and Rendon, Herbert and Bezada, Maximiliano and Levander, Alan}
}
@article {lizarralde_variation_2007,
	title = {Variation in styles of rifting in the Gulf of California},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {448},
	number = {7152},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Number: 7152 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {466{\textendash}469},
	abstract = {Results from the PESCADOR seismic experiment in the Gulf of California provide new insight into rifting {\textemdash} the process that ruptures continents and forms new ocean basins. Unpredicted variations in magmatic activity in continental rifts are commonly attributed to variations in mantle temperature, but such thermal variations tend to occur over large length scales. The new results reveal large differences in rifting style and magmatism over short lateral distances. This suggests that the observed range in magmatism is caused not by variation in temperature, but rather by variability in mantle composition and fertility {\textemdash} the intrinsic capacity of the underlying mantle to produce melt.},
	keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary, Science},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {10.1038/nature06035},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06035},
	author = {Lizarralde, Daniel and Axen, Gary J. and Brown, Hillary E. and Fletcher, John M. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Antonio and Harding, Alistair J. and Holbrook, W. Steven and Kent, Graham M. and Paramo, Pedro and Sutherland, Fiona and Umhoefer, Paul J.}
}
