@article {miller_limited_2020,
	title = {Limited mantle hydration by bending faults at the Middle America Trench},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Type: Journal Article},
	month = {12/2020},
	abstract = {Seismic anisotropy measurements show that upper mantle hydration at the Middle America Trench (MAT) is limited to serpentinization and/or water in fault zones, rather than distributed uniformly. Subduction of hydrated oceanic lithosphere recycles water back into the deep mantle, drives arc volcanism, and affects seismicity at subduction zones. Constraining the extent of upper mantle hydration is an important part of understanding many fundamental processes on Earth. Substantially reduced seismic velocities in tomography suggest that outer rise plate-bending faults provide a pathway for seawater to rehydrate the slab mantle just prior to subduction. Estimates of outer-rise hydration based on tomograms vary significantly, with some large enough to imply that, globally, subduction has consumed more than two oceans worth of water during the Phanerozoic. We found that, while the mean upper mantle wavespeed is reduced at the MAT outer rise, the amplitude and orientation of inherited anisotropy are preserved at depths >1 km below the Moho. At shallower depths, relict anisotropy is replaced by slowing in the fault-normal direction. These observations are incompatible with pervasive hydration but consistent with models of wave propagation through serpentinized fault zones that thin to <100-m in width at depths >1 km below Moho. Confining hydration to fault zones reduces water storage estimates for the MAT upper mantle from \~{}3.5 wt\% to <0.9 wt\% H20. Since the intermediate thermal structure in the \~{}24 Myr-old MAT slab favors serpentinization, limited hydration suggests that fault mechanics are the limiting factor, not temperatures. Subducting mantle may be similarly dry globally. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Upper mantle anisotropy indicates that hydration by fluid flow along bending faults is limited to fault zones that thin with depthConfining hydration to fault zones reduces estimates of water storage by an order of magnitudeA dry, intermediate-age slab mantle suggests that hydration may be globally limited by fault dynamics, rather than temperature Upper mantle anisotropy indicates that hydration by fluid flow along bending faults is limited to fault zones that thin with depth Confining hydration to fault zones reduces estimates of water storage by an order of magnitude A dry, intermediate-age slab mantle suggests that hydration may be globally limited by fault dynamics, rather than temperature.},
	keywords = {outer-rise hydration, upper mantle anisotropy, upper mantle hydration},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jb020982},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1133689698},
	author = {Miller, Nathaniel C. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Collins, John A. and Holbrook, W. Steven and Van Avendonk, H.}
}
@article {116,
	title = {Limited mantle hydration by bending faults at the Middle America Trench},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Seismic anisotropy measurements show that upper mantle hydration at the Middle America Trench (MAT) is limited to serpentinization and/or water in fault zones, rather than distributed uniformly. Subduction of hydrated oceanic lithosphere recycles water back into the deep mantle, drives arc volcanism, and affects seismicity at subduction zones. Constraining the extent of upper mantle hydration is an important part of understanding many fundamental processes on Earth. Substantially reduced seismic velocities in tomography suggest that outer rise plate-bending faults provide a pathway for seawater to rehydrate the slab mantle just prior to subduction. Estimates of outer-rise hydration based on tomograms vary significantly, with some large enough to imply that, globally, subduction has consumed more than two oceans worth of water during the Phanerozoic. We found that, while the mean upper mantle wavespeed is reduced at the MAT outer rise, the amplitude and orientation of inherited anisotropy are preserved at depths >1 km below the Moho. At shallower depths, relict anisotropy is replaced by slowing in the fault-normal direction. These observations are incompatible with pervasive hydration but consistent with models of wave propagation through serpentinized fault zones that thin to <100-m in width at depths >1 km below Moho. Confining hydration to fault zones reduces water storage estimates for the MAT upper mantle from \~{}3.5 wt\% to <0.9 wt\% H20. Since the intermediate thermal structure in the \~{}24 Myr-old MAT slab favors serpentinization, limited hydration suggests that fault mechanics are the limiting factor, not temperatures. Subducting mantle may be similarly dry globally. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Upper mantle anisotropy indicates that hydration by fluid flow along bending faults is limited to fault zones that thin with depthConfining hydration to fault zones reduces estimates of water storage by an order of magnitudeA dry, intermediate-age slab mantle suggests that hydration may be globally limited by fault dynamics, rather than temperature Upper mantle anisotropy indicates that hydration by fluid flow along bending faults is limited to fault zones that thin with depth Confining hydration to fault zones reduces estimates of water storage by an order of magnitude A dry, intermediate-age slab mantle suggests that hydration may be globally limited by fault dynamics, rather than temperature.},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jb020982},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1133689698},
	author = {Miller, Nathaniel C. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Collins, John A. and Holbrook, W. Steven and Van Avendonk, H.}
}
@article {sutherland_middle_2012,
	title = {Middle Miocene to early Pliocene oblique extension in the southern Gulf of California},
	journal = {Geosphere},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {752{\textendash}770},
	abstract = {A multichannel seismic (MCS) experiment spanning 600 km across the Alarc{\'o}n Rise and its conjugate rifted margins in the southern Gulf of California (western North America) provides insight into the spatial and temporal evolution of extension between Baja California and the mainland (Mexico). Stratigraphic analysis of multiple rift basins within the Alarc{\'o}n spreading corridor indicates an initial stage of oblique extension starting ca. 14{\textendash}12 Ma. This initial phase of extension was characterized by the formation of several large basins in the center of the gulf and on the southeast margin with negligible synrift sedimentation. A second phase of oblique extension, likely synchronous with large-scale basin opening in the central and northern Gulf of California, began ca. 8{\textendash}5 Ma and was characterized by the formation of smaller half-grabens distributed across the conjugate margins that contain both synrift and postrift deposits. A key feature imaged within the MCS data is a highly reflective, ropey layer at the top of basement, interpreted to be either volcanic rocks from the 25{\textendash}12 Ma Comond{\'u} Group, and/or early rifting volcanic rocks that are between 11 and 9 Ma, or younger. This volcanic layer is extensively faulted, suggesting that it predates the episode of early extension. Upper crustal extension appears to be equally distributed across conjugate margins, forming a symmetrical continental rift. Two styles of rifted basin are observed; older basins (estimated as 14{\textendash}11 Ma using sedimentation rates) show distributed extension with extensive basement faulting. In contrast, the younger basins (likely post{\textendash}6 Ma) are asymmetrical with synrift deposits thickening into the basin-bounding faults. The northeast-southwest geomorphic expression of the Tamayo bank and trough and other features provides additional evidence that northwest-southeast oblique extension began ca. 12 Ma. These new spatial and temporal constraints, when combined with a crustal thickness profile obtained across the entire Alarc{\'o}n corridor, suggest that significant northwest-southeast oblique extension within the Gulf of California started well before 6 Ma, in contrast to earlier models.},
	issn = {1553-040X},
	doi = {10.1130/GES00770.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00770.1},
	author = {Sutherland, Fiona H. and Kent, Graham M. and Harding, Alistair J. and Umhoefer, Paul J. and Driscoll, Neal W. and Lizarralde, Daniel and Fletcher, John M. and Axen, Gary J. and Holbrook, W. Steven and Gonz{\'a}lez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Antonio and Lonsdale, Peter}
}
@article {lizarralde_variation_2007,
	title = {Variation in styles of rifting in the Gulf of California},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {448},
	number = {7152},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Number: 7152 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {466{\textendash}469},
	abstract = {Results from the PESCADOR seismic experiment in the Gulf of California provide new insight into rifting {\textemdash} the process that ruptures continents and forms new ocean basins. Unpredicted variations in magmatic activity in continental rifts are commonly attributed to variations in mantle temperature, but such thermal variations tend to occur over large length scales. The new results reveal large differences in rifting style and magmatism over short lateral distances. This suggests that the observed range in magmatism is caused not by variation in temperature, but rather by variability in mantle composition and fertility {\textemdash} the intrinsic capacity of the underlying mantle to produce melt.},
	keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary, Science},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {10.1038/nature06035},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06035},
	author = {Lizarralde, Daniel and Axen, Gary J. and Brown, Hillary E. and Fletcher, John M. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Antonio and Harding, Alistair J. and Holbrook, W. Steven and Kent, Graham M. and Paramo, Pedro and Sutherland, Fiona and Umhoefer, Paul J.}
}
@article {shillington_composition_2004,
	title = {Composition and structure of the central Aleutian island arc from arc-parallel wide-angle seismic data},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2004GC000715},
	abstract = {New results from wide-angle seismic data collected parallel to the central Aleutian island arc require an intermediate to mafic composition for the middle crust and a mafic to ultramafic composition for the lower crust and yield lateral velocity variations that correspond to arc segmentation and trends in major element geochemistry. The 3-D ray tracing/2.5-D inversion of this sparse wide-angle data set, which incorporates independent phase interpretations and new constraints on shallow velocity structure, produces a faster and smoother result than a previously published velocity model. Middle-crustal velocities of 6.5{\textendash}7.3 km/s over depths of \~{}10{\textendash}20 km indicate an andesitic to basaltic composition. High lower-crustal velocities of 7.3{\textendash}7.7 km/s over depths of \~{}20{\textendash}35 km are interpreted as ultramafic-mafic cumulates and/or garnet granulites. The total crustal thickness is 35{\textendash}37 km. This result indicates that the Aleutian island arc has higher velocities, and thus more mafic compositions, than average continental crust, implying that significant modifications would be required for this arc to be a suitable building block for continental crust. Lateral variations in average crustal velocity (below 10 km) roughly correspond to trends in major element geochemistry of primitive (Mg \# > 0.6) lavas. The highest lower-crustal velocities (and presumably most mafic material) are detected in the center of an arc segment, between Unmak and Unalaska Islands, implying that arc segmentation exerts control over crustal composition.},
	keywords = {continental crust, crustal geophysics, island arc, major element geochemistry},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000715},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2004GC000715},
	author = {Shillington, Donna J. and Van Avendonk, Harm J. A. and Holbrook, W. Steven and Kelemen, Peter B. and Hornbach, Matthew J.}
}
