@article {chen_origin_2024,
	title = {On the Origin of the Hawaiian Swell: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Seismic Structure From Rayleigh Wave Dispersion},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {129},
	number = {7},
	year = {2024},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2024JB029407},
	month = {07/2024},
	pages = {e2024JB029407},
	abstract = {In this study, we revisit the shear-wave velocity structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere surrounding the Hawaiian hotspot and Hawaiian swell using Rayleigh wave data spanning periods of 20{\textendash}125 s from the PLUME project. A primary goal of this investigation is to probe the origin of the Hawaiian swell and the mechanism that elevates the topography, providing insights into mantle dynamics beneath hotspot swells. In the shear velocity model, the 30{\textendash}70 km depth range is largely featureless with weak and local anomalies, indicating that the elevation of the Hawaiian swell cannot be attributed to upper lithospheric reheating or replacement. In contrast, at 80{\textendash}150 km depth, a pronounced region of anomalously low velocities is well-resolved, with the lowest velocities found beneath the Hawaii-Maui-Molokai part of the island chain. Minimum shear velocities are approximately 4.0 km/s at 100{\textendash}120 km depth, which is an \~{}8\%-10\% velocity decrease relative to the surrounding velocities away from the swell. This pattern suggests that hot, buoyant mantle from deeper plume sources laterally spread out near the top of the normal oceanic asthenosphere. We find that the low-velocity pattern in the asthenosphere exhibits a strong correlation with the overall shape of the Hawaiian swell topography. Assuming that density anomalies are proportional to shear velocity anomalies, we demonstrate that the anomalous elevation of the swell can be explained by the uplift of a 30-km-thick elastic plate loaded from below by this buoyant, low-seismic-velocity layer in the asthenosphere.},
	keywords = {Hawaiian swell, lithosphere and asthenosphere, oceanic hotspot, Rayleigh wave, shear-wave velocity, two-plane wave method},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2024JB029407},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024JB029407},
	author = {Chen, Kai-Xun and Forsyth, Donald W.}
}
@article {le_seismic_2022,
	title = {Seismic Constraints on Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Structure Beneath the Hawaiian Swell: Implications for Plume-Lithosphere Interactions},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {127},
	number = {11},
	year = {2022},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021JB023822},
	month = {10/2022},
	pages = {e2021JB023822},
	abstract = {We infer the lithospheric structure beneath the Hawaiian Swell based on a joint inversion of ambient noise and teleseismic Rayleigh waves collected during the PLUME experiment. These combined datasets let us use Rayleigh waves with a period range of 8{\textendash}50 s that provides imaging resolution for the shallow lithosphere and constrains interactions between the upwelling plume and migrating plate. We find an elongated low-velocity anomaly beneath the lithosphere along the island chain that connects to the plume conduit, consistent with the melting region associated with a restite hotspot swell root that has mechanically eroded the base of its overlying lithosphere. It could also be consistent with a plume refracted by the overriding plate motion if the plume could manage to deeply erode the lithospheric base, as only a more viscous restite root is seen to do in thermomechanical experiments. There is also a low-velocity body beneath the North Arch that coincides with the location of recent off-chain volcanic fields discovered there. Its location relative to the Molokai Fracture Zone (MFZ) supports the concept that swell-root material has preferentially spread beneath the younger side of the MFZ. We also find a clear low-velocity anomaly associated with the uppermost \~{}50 km of the fracture zone lithosphere. The relatively well-resolved shallow lithospheric structure determined here allows us to estimate the volumes of underplating and the total flux of the rising plume material that is added beneath the Hawaiian lithosphere, which we constrain to be in the range of 0.5{\textendash}0.6 km3/yr.},
	keywords = {ambient noise, Hawaiian swell, Rayleigh waves, tomography, underplating},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JB023822},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JB023822},
	author = {Le, Ba Manh and Yang, Ting and Morgan, Jason P.}
}
