@article {dunn_seismic_2024,
	title = {A Seismic Tomography, Gravity, and Flexure Study of the Crust and Upper Mantle Structure Across the Hawaiian Ridge: 2. Ka{\textquoteright}ena},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {129},
	number = {2},
	year = {2024},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JB028118},
	month = {05/2024},
	pages = {e2023JB028118},
	abstract = {The Hawaiian Ridge, a classic intraplate volcanic chain in the Central Pacific Ocean, has long attracted researchers due to its origin, eruption patterns, and impact on lithospheric deformation. Thought to arise from pressure-release melting within a mantle plume, its mass-induced deformation of Earth{\textquoteright}s surface depends on load distribution and lithospheric properties, including elastic thickness (Te). To investigate these features, a marine geophysical campaign was carried out across the Hawaiian Ridge in 2018. Westward of the island of O{\textquoteright}ahu, a seismic tomographic image, validated by gravity data, reveals a large mass of volcanic material emplaced on the oceanic crust, flanked by an apron of volcaniclastic material filling the moat created by plate flexure. The ridge adds \~{}7 km of material to pre-existing \~{}6-km-thick oceanic crust. A high-velocity and high-density core resides within the volcanic edifice, draped by alternating lava flows and mass wasting material. Beneath the edifice, upper mantle velocities are slightly higher than that of the surrounding mantle, and there is no evidence of extensive magmatic underplating of the crust. There is \~{}3.5 km of downward deflection of the sediment-crust and crust-mantle boundaries due to flexure in response to the volcanic load. At Ka{\textquoteright}ena Ridge, the volcanic edifice{\textquoteright}s height and cross-sectional area are no more than half as large as those determined at Hawai{\textquoteright}i Island. Together, these studies confirm that volcanic loads to the west of Hawai{\textquoteright}i are largely compensated by flexure. Comparisons to the Emperor Seamount Chain confirm the Hawaiian Ridge{\textquoteright}s relatively stronger lithospheric rigidity.},
	keywords = {Hawaiian ridge, lithospheric flexure, marine gravity, plate loading, seismic tomography, volcano structure},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2023JB028118},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JB028118},
	author = {Dunn, R. A. and Watts, A. B. and Xu, C. and Shillington, D. J.}
}
@article {macgregor_seismic_2023,
	title = {A Seismic Tomography, Gravity, and Flexure Study of the Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of the Hawaiian Ridge: 1},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
	volume = {128},
	number = {12},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JB027218},
	month = {11/2023},
	pages = {e2023JB027218},
	abstract = {The Hawaiian Ridge has long been a focus site for studying lithospheric flexure due to intraplate volcano loading, but crucial load and flexure details remain unclear. We address this problem using wide-angle seismic refraction and reflection data acquired along a \~{}535-km-long profile that intersects the ridge between the islands of Maui and Hawai{\textquoteright}i and crosses 80{\textendash}95 Myr-old lithosphere. A tomographic image constructed using travel time data of several seismic phases reveals broad flexure of Pacific oceanic crust extending up to \~{}200{\textendash}250 km either side of the Hawaiian Ridge, and vertically up to \~{}6{\textendash}7 km. The P-wave velocity structure, verified by gravity modeling, reveals that the west flank of Hawaii is comprised of extrusive lavas overlain by volcanoclastic sediments and a carbonate platform. In contrast, the H{\={a}}na Ridge, southeast of Maui, contains a high-velocity core consistent with mafic or ultramafic intrusive rocks. Magmatic underplating along the seismic line is not evident. Reflectors at the top and bottom of the pre-existing oceanic crust suggest a \~{}4.5{\textendash}6 km crustal thickness. Simple three-dimensional flexure modeling with an elastic plate thickness, Te, of 26.7 km shows that the depths to the reflectors beneath the western flank of Hawai{\textquoteright}i can be explained by volcano loading in which Maui and the older islands in the ridge contribute \~{}43\% to the flexure and the island of Hawai{\textquoteright}i \~{}51\%. Previous studies, however, revealed a higher Te beneath the eastern flank of Hawai{\textquoteright}i suggesting that isostatic compensation may not yet be complete at the youngest end of the ridge.},
	keywords = {Hawaiian ridge, lithospheric flexure, marine gravity, plate loading, seismic tomography, volcano structure},
	issn = {2169-9356},
	doi = {10.1029/2023JB027218},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JB027218},
	author = {MacGregor, B. G. and Dunn, R. A. and Watts, A. B. and Xu, C. and Shillington, D. J.}
}
